Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC), despite numerous therapeutic and screening attempts, still remains a major life-threatening malignancy. CRC etiology entails both genetic and environmental factors. Macroautophagy/autophagy and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are fundamental mechanisms involved in the regulation of cellular responses to environmental and genetic stresses. Both pathways are interconnected and regulate cellular responses to apoptotic stimuli. In this review, we address the epidemiology and risk factors of CRC, including genetic mutations leading to the occurrence of the disease. Next, we discuss mutations of genes related to autophagy and the UPR in CRC. Then, we discuss how autophagy and the UPR are involved in the regulation of CRC and how they associate with obesity and inflammatory responses in CRC. Finally, we provide perspectives for the modulation of autophagy and the UPR as new therapeutic options for CRC treatment. © 2017 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis © 2017, © Pooneh Mokarram, Mohammed Albokashy, Maryam Zarghooni, Mohammad Amin Moosavi, Zahra Sepehri, Qi Min Chen, Andrzej Hudecki, Aliyeh Sargazi, Javad Alizadeh, Adel Rezaei Moghadam, Mohammad Hashemi, Hesam Movassagh, Thomas Klonisch, Ali Akbar Owji, Marek J. Łos, and Saeid Ghavami.